É só respirar
Recomendada pelos médicos, estudada pelos cientistas, praticada por milhões mundo afora. Conheça essa técnica ancestral de autoconhecimento e tudo o que ela pode fazer por você.
por Jomar Morais
Na sala vazia e silenciosa, dois monges zen, com seus mantos e cabeças raspadas, estão sentados no chão, lado a lado, pernas cruzadas. Depois de alguns instantes, o mais jovem lança um olhar surpreso e irônico para o mestre. Sereno, o velho monge comenta: “É só isso, mesmo. Não vai acontecer mais nada”. Não se trata de uma cena real. É só uma charge publicada na renomada revista americana The New Yorker, brincando com o novo hábito americano de meditar regularmente, como fazem os orientais há milhares de anos. A fina ironia da charge, no entanto, tem a ver com a realidade. Embora singela, a atitude de sentar sobre uma almofada (ficar em posição de lótus exige um preparo de monge) e ficar atento à própria respiração é tão fora de propósito em nossa rotina atabalhoada que é fácil se identificar com o jovem monge, perplexo e irônico, ao encará-la pela primeira vez. Comigo não foi diferente.
Na primeira vez em que me detive a acompanhar o compasso da respiração, o sentimento inicial foi de surpresa. Espantei-me pela rapidez com que tudo caminhou para a inatividade. O turbilhão de pensamentos que ocupava minha mente (uma conta para pagar, uma cena do filme que vi no dia anterior, uma ótima piada para contar aos amigos) foi desaparecendo sem que eu me desse conta. O incômodo da perna dormente, pressionada pela flexão, logo foi substituído por um inesperado prazer, prazer de simplesmente respirar. Então, de repente, foi como se tudo houvesse parado nos primeiros segundos depois de acordar, aqueles instantes em que você se sente presente e alerta, mas com a cabeça vazia. Enfim, aqueles poucos segundos do dia em que nada acontece.
Foi então que tudo ficou meio irônico: o êxtase, o delicioso estranhamento que entupiu meus sentimentos, acabou em um segundo! E no instante seguinte todos os pensamentos voltaram: a conta, o filme, a piada e mais um monte de coisas. Rindo comigo mesmo, me perguntei – talvez como um jovem monge perplexo e desconfiado – se não haveria algo mais divertido para fazer naquele instante. Mas logo me peguei novamente de olhos fechados.
Quer dizer que meditar é só parar e não pensar em nada? É. Como afirmam os especialistas, é um não-fazer. Mas, acredite, não é fácil. Não para ocidentais como eu e você, acostumados com a idéia de que, para resolver um assunto, o primeiro passo é pensar bastante nele. Na meditação, a idéia é exatamente o oposto: parar de pensar, por mais bizarro que isso pareça.
A novidade é que, mesmo parecendo alienígena, a meditação conquista cada vez mais adeptos no Ocidente. Dez milhões de americanos meditam regularmente em casa e em hospitais, escolas, empresas, aeroportos e até em quiosques de internet. Entre os milhões de meditadores americanos estão celebridades de grosso calibre, como o dirigente da Ford, Bill Ford, e o ex-vice-presidente Al Gore. No Brasil, a exemplo da Hollywood dos anos 90, a meditação entrou para a rotina de estrelas – como a atriz Christiani Torloni e a apresentadora Angélica, que recorreu à prática para livrar-se de uma crise de síndrome do pânico – e virou ferramenta diária de produtividade em empresas e até em alguns círculos do poder. O prefeito de Recife, João Paulo, por exemplo, só inicia o expediente após meditar por alguns minutos.
Mas como é que algo assim, na contramão do pragmatismo moderno, consegue empolgar tanta gente? Como pode haver gente capaz de pagar caro para participar de sessões de meditação – ou seja, para ficar sentado em silêncio em uma sala quase sem móveis?
Sem dúvida há muita gente desiludida com o modo de vida ocidental (a destruição do meio ambiente, a vida cada vez mais solitária das grandes cidades e a competição pelo ganha-pão). Mas esse contingente não é capaz de explicar, sozinho, a explosão da meditação. A verdade é que a ciência resolveu se debruçar sobre os efeitos dessa prática, e as notícias dos laboratórios de pesquisa cada vez convencem mais pessoas a relaxar em posição de lótus.
O principal resultado dessas pesquisas pode ser resumido em duas palavras: meditação funciona. Ou seja, por mais estranho que pareça aos ratos de academia que se esfalfam em exercícios para melhorar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, não fazer nada por alguns minutos diariamente tem efeitos palpáveis, reais e mensuráveis no corpo. E o melhor: só apareceram efeitos positivos (pelo menos até agora). Ou seja, aquilo que os adeptos da tradicional medicina chinesa e os mestres budistas viviam repetindo (com um sorriso bondoso no rosto) começa a ser comprovado por alguns renomados centros de pesquisa ocidentais, como as universidades Harvard, Columbia, Stanford e Massachusetts, nos Estados Unidos, e pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), no Brasil.
É difícil listar as descobertas porque as pesquisas sobre a meditação alcançaram a maioridade recentemente. Mais precisamente no ano 2000, quando o líder do budismo tibetano, o Dalai Lama (sempre ele), encontrou-se com um grupo de psicólogos e neurologistas na Índia e sugeriu que os cientistas estudassem um time de craques em meditação durante o transe, para ver o que ocorria com seus corpos. Os cientistas abraçaram o desafio e, desde então, as pesquisas não param de produzir surpresas. Já se sabe, por exemplo, que meditar afeta, de fato, as ondas cerebrais. Sabe-se também que isso tem efeitos positivos sobre o sistema imunológico, reduz a tensão e alivia a dor. “Três décadas de pesquisas mostraram que a meditação é um bom antídoto ao estresse”, diz o jornalista e psicólogo americano Daniel Goleman, autor dos livros Inteligência Emocional e Como Lidar com as Emoções Destrutivas, este o relato do encontro dos cientistas com o Dalai Lama.
“Agora, o que está mira dos pesquisadores é saber como a meditação pode treinar a mente e reformatar o cérebro”, afirma Daniel.
A piada dos dois monges, lá no início desta reportagem, não é gratuita. Afinal, faz séculos que se pratica meditação no Oriente, por recomendação religiosa (veja quadro sobre as meditações religiosas na página 62). O detalhe é que agora a orientação também é médica. Nos anos 70, quando a prática começou a se espalhar pelo Ocidente, impulsionada pelo movimento hippie, o cantor e compositor brasileiro Walter Franco cantava que tudo era uma questão de “manter a mente quieta, a espinha ereta e o coração tranqüilo”. Hoje, os versos de Walter poderiam fazer parte de uma receita médica, de um treinamento em uma grande empresa ou até mesmo de um programa para a recuperação de presos.
“Focalizar a atenção no mundo interior, como se faz na meditação, é uma situação terapêutica”, diz o psicólogo José Roberto Leite, coordenador do instituto de medicina comportamental da Unifesp. “Queremos avaliar o alcance dessa prática e isolá-la de seu aspecto supersticioso.” Por trás dessa intenção está o fato de que as causas de doenças mudaram muito nos últimos 100 anos. No passado, os males eram causados principalmente por microorganismos. As pessoas morriam de poliomielite, de sarampo, de varíola e outras doenças causadas por bactérias e vírus. Mas isso mudou, graças às melhorias em saneamento e à criação de antibióticos e vacinas. “Hoje, a maioria das doenças é causada por coisas como hipertensão, obesidade e dependência química, que estão ligadas a padrões inadequados de comportamento”, diz José Roberto. Ou seja, o que mata hoje são os maus hábitos.
E são esses maus hábitos que se pretende combater pela meditação, também conhecida pelo pomposo nome de “prática contemplativa”. Apaziguar a mente, os cientistas estão descobrindo agora, pode reduzir o nível de ansiedade e corrigir comportamentos pouco saudáveis. O cardiologista Herbert Benson, da Universidade Harvard, um dos maiores pesquisadores da meditação e do poder das crenças na promoção da saúde, chega a estimar em seu livro Medicina Espiritual que 60% das consultas médicas poderiam ser evitadas se as pessoas apenas usassem a mente para combater as tensões causadoras de complicações físicas.
Mas, afinal, como é que se medita e o que acontece durante a prática contemplativa? Bem, há um leque de modalidades para quem deseja meditar, mas a receita básica é a mesma: concentração. Vale concentrar-se na respiração, uma imagem (um ponto ou uma imagem de santo), um som ou na repetição de uma palavra (o famoso mantra, como “ohmmm”, por exemplo). Parar de pensar equivale a ficar quase que exclusivamente no presente. Faz sentido. Os pensamentos são feitos basicamente de duas substâncias: as idéias e experiências que ouvimos, vivemos ou aprendemos no passado e os planos e apreensões que temos para o futuro. É naqueles raros momentos em que o meditador consegue livrar-se desses ruídos que surgem os sentimentos comuns nas descrições de iogues famosos: sensação de estar ligado com o Universo ou ter uma superconsciência do mundo. Meditar é, portanto, concentrar-se em cada vez menos coisas, inibindo os sentidos e esvaziando a mente. Tudo isso sem perder o estado de alerta, ou seja, sem dormir.
Mas como saber se deu certo? Como saber se você meditou? Essa é a melhor parte da história: não há nota ou avaliação. A não ser que você medite plugado em um aparelho de eletroencefalograma para saber se suas ondas cerebrais se alteraram. Como isso é pouco prático, a melhor medida para seu desempenho é você mesmo. Só você pode dizer o que sentiu e se foi bom.
BIOLOGIA DO ZEN
Os efeitos da meditação sobre o corpo são surpreendentes. Nos primeiros estudos sobre a meditação, na década de 60, o cardiologista Benson, de Harvard, e outros pesquisadores submeteram meditadores a experimentos nos quais a pressão arterial, os ritmos cerebrais e cardíacos e mesmo a temperatura da pele e do reto eram monitorados. Constatou-se então que, enquanto meditavam, eles consumiam 17% menos oxigênio e seu ritmo cardíaco caía para incríveis três batimentos por minuto (a média para pessoas em repouso é de 60 b.p.m.). Isso acontecia quando as ondas cerebrais alcançavam o ritmo teta, mais lento e poderoso, no qual a mente atingiria o estado de “superconsciência” relatado pelos iogues e caracterizado por insights e alegria.
As ondas teta vibram a apenas quatro ciclos por segundo. Para se ter uma idéia, quando estamos ativos o cérebro emite ondas beta, de oscilação em torno de 13 ciclos por segundo. Você conhece essa sensação causada pelas ondas teta. É aquele embotamento dos sentidos que surge nos segundos que antecedem o sono. Naquele momento, nosso cérebro funciona no ritmo teta. Mas os meditadores pesquisados não estavam dormindo. Ao contrário, estavam bem acordados e serenos.
Mais tarde, percebeu-se também que no momento da meditação o fluxo sanguíneo diminuía em quase todas as áreas cerebrais, mas aumentava na região do sistema límbico, o chamado “cérebro emocional”, responsável pelas emoções, a memória e os ritmos do coração, da respiração e do metabolismo. O cardiologista Benson, que escreveu um clássico sobre o tema nos anos 90 – A Resposta do Relaxamento – , tomou emprestado um pouco da humildade oriental e disse que seu trabalho se resumiu a explicar biologicamente técnicas conhecidas há milênios.
Desde então, uma série de novas pesquisas, respaldadas em imagens da intimidade neurológica feitas por tomógrafos sofisticados que retratam o cérebro em funcionamento, levantou o véu sobre outros segredos. Um dos estudos mais abrangentes e reveladores foi realizado por Andrew Newberg, da Universidade da Pensilvânia, nos Estados Unidos. A idéia era registrar o que ocorre com o cérebro quando se alcança o clímax em práticas místicas como a meditação e a oração. Newberg rastreou a atividade cerebral de um grupo de budistas em meditação profunda e de um grupo de freiras franciscanas rezando fervorosamente.
Ele constatou uma significativa alteração no lobo parietal superior, localizado na parte anterior do cérebro e responsável pelo senso de orientação – a capacidade de percepção do espaço e do tempo e da própria individualidade. Segundo as descobertas de Newberg, à medida que a contemplação se torna mais profunda, a atividade na região diminui aos poucos até cessar totalmente no momento de pico, aquele em que o meditador experimenta a sensação de unicidade com o Universo, cerca de uma hora após o início da concentração. Nesse instante, privados de impulsos elétricos, os neurônios do lobo parietal desligam os mecanismos das funções visuais e motoras e o meditador ou devoto perde a noção do “eu” e sente-se prazerosamente expandido, além de qualquer limite. É o nirvana. Ou seja, Newberg registrou em seus aparelhos a imagem de um cérebro literalmente no paraíso.
Mas não é só isso. As imagens revelaram que, durante a experiência, os lobos temporais (sede das emoções no cérebro) tiveram sua atividade redobrada, o que explicaria a enorme influência da meditação sobre as emoções e a personalidade dos praticantes. Newberg não teve dúvida em sua conclusão: as sensações de elevação e contato com o divino vivenciadas por budistas e freiras são um fenômeno real, baseado em fatos biológicos.
Mas há quem veja tudo isso com uma certa desconfiança. “Ao que parece, estamos diante de um fenômeno de marketing”, disse Richard Sloan, psicólogo do Centro Médico Presbiteriano de Columbia, em Nova York, comentando o encontro do Dalai com os cientistas, há três anos. Segundo Richard, é discutível se o impacto da meditação sobre o sistema nervoso e a saúde tem um efeito profundo e duradouro ou apenas superficial e efêmero. Então, está na hora de conferir o que os estudos dizem a respeito.
MENTE QUIETA, CORPO SAUDÁVEL
A meditação ajuda a controlar a ansiedade e a aliviar a dor? Ao que tudo indica, sim. Nessas duas áreas os cientistas encontraram as maiores evidências da ação terapêutica da meditação, medida em dezenas de pesquisas. Nos últimos 24 anos, só a Clínica de Redução do Estresse da Universidade de Massachusetts monitorou 14 mil portadores de câncer, aids, dor crônica e complicações gástricas. Os técnicos descobriram que, submetidos a sessões de meditação que alteraram o foco de sua atenção, os pacientes reduziram o nível de ansiedade e diminuíram ou abandonaram o uso de analgésicos. Ou seja, eles aprenderam a entender a dor, em vez de combatê-la. Com isso, deixaram de antecipá-la ou amplificá-la por meio do medo de vir a senti-la. Sim, porque boa parte da sensação dolorosa é psicológica, fabricada pelo medo da dor. Resultado: as queixas de dor, segundo o diretor da clínica, Jon Kabat-Zinn, diminuíram, em média, 40%.
No hospital da Unifesp, em São Paulo, a meditação é indicada para pacientes com fibromialgia (dores nos músculos e articulações), fobias e compulsões. Ali, estudo recente dirigido pela doutora em biologia Elisa Harumi Kozasa atestou a melhoria da agilidade mental e motora em ansiosos e deprimidos que, durante três meses, meditaram sob a orientação de instrutores indianos. Outra pesquisa, coordenada pelas psicólogas Márcia Marchiori e Elaine de Siqueira Sales, deve comparar nos próximos meses os efeitos terapêuticos da meditação com os das técnicas de relaxamento físico.
O desempenho antiestresse da meditação, segundo estudos das universidades americanas Stanford e Columbia, acontece porque a mente aquietada inibe a produção de adrenalina e cortisol – hormônios secretados nas situações de estresse – , ao mesmo tempo que estimula no cérebro a produção de endorfinas, um tranqüilizante e analgésico natural tão poderoso quanto a morfina e responsável pela sensação de leveza nos momentos de alegria.
Já parece motivo suficiente para render-se aos mantras, mas tem mais. Investigações realizadas na Universidade Wisconsin, nos Estados Unidos, acrescentaram que meditar também melhora a ação do sistema imunológico, que defende o organismo contra o ataque de microorganismos (bactérias, vírus e outros germes). A experiência comparou dois grupos de voluntários – um constituído de pessoas que meditavam havia alguns meses e o outro de não-meditadores. Primeiro constatou-se que os meditadores tiveram um aumento na atividade da área cerebral relacionada às emoções positivas. Então, ambos os grupos foram vacinados contra gripe e submetidos a medições quatro semanas e oito semanas depois. O pessoal habituado a entoar mantras apresentou um número bem maior de anticorpos, o que sugere que seus sistemas de defesa estavam mais ativos.
Em abril passado, durante um encontro da Associação Americana de Urologia, anunciou-se que a meditação ajuda a conter o câncer da próstata. E alguns pesquisadores relataram que mulheres com câncer de mama que passaram a meditar tiveram elevação no nível de células imunológicas que combatem tumores. Mas essas descobertas estão longe de alcançar a unanimidade entre os cientistas. O psiquiatra americano Stephen Barret, um dos principais críticos às terapias alternativas nos Estados Unidos, desconfia desses resultados. “Meditar pode aliviar o estresse, mas sua ação nunca irá além disso no tratamento de doenças graves, como o câncer.” Mesmo um entusiasta da técnica, como Herbert Benson, não descarta os tratamentos ocidentais tradicionais. Para ele, a saúde e a longevidade no mundo moderno serão, cada vez mais, resultado de um tripé formado por remédios, cirurgias e cuidados pessoais, incluindo-se aqui a meditação e todo o poder catalisador das crenças nas reações orgânicas.
O CÉREBRO REPROGRAMADO
Mas ainda há muita coisa para ser descoberta sobre o mantra e os pesquisadores estão debruçados sobre os meditadores, tentando entender como é que um ato tão simples causa tantas modificações. Estudos como o de Wisconsin, que ligam disciplina mental a emoções positivas e ao bom desempenho do sistema imunológico, atiçam o interesse dos cientistas em avaliar o real poder da meditação na reformatação das funções cerebrais. E o que eles estão descobrindo é que, com suficiente prática, os neurônios podem reprogramar a atividade dos lobos cerebrais, especialmente a área relacionada à concentração e à orientação.
Não dá para negar que, sobre concentração, o Dalai Lama e os orientais, com sua atenção aos detalhes e sua atenção extrema, têm muito a ensinar aos ocidentais. “Só há pouco a psiquiatria ocidental reconheceu a existência do transtorno do déficit de atenção (uma síndrome caracterizada pela dificuldade de concentração, baixa tolerância à frustração e impulsividade), mas há milhares de anos tradições como o budismo afirmam que todos sofremos desse distúrbio com mais ou menos intensidade”, diz o psiquiatra Roger Walsh, da Universidade da Califórnia em Irvine.
A possibilidade de alterar em profundidade o cérebro, apenas meditando, talvez possa no futuro ajudar a prevenir ou a superar complicações vasculares a custo bem mais baixo que o das cirurgias. Ou a romper condicionamentos e redirecionar as mentes de indivíduos anti-sociais – o que, aliás, vem sendo testado com relativo êxito. Numa experiência na Kings County North Rehabilitation Facility, penitenciária próxima a Seattle, nos Estados Unidos, um grupo de prisioneiros condenados por crimes relacionados ao consumo de droga e álcool praticou vippassana (meditação budista com foco inicial na respiração, seguida de análise existencial) 11 horas por dia durante dez dias. Após voltarem para casa, apenas 56% deles reincidiram na criminalidade no prazo de dois anos, um índice considerado bom comparado aos 75% de reincidência entre os que não meditaram.
Já na Universidade Cambridge, nos Estados Unidos, um estudo constatou a redução de até 50% nas recaídas de pacientes com depressão crônica que passaram a meditar regularmente. A doença é acompanhada por uma diminuição no nível do serotonina no cérebro, processo geralmente revertido com o uso de antidepressivos, como Prozac. A meditação aumenta a produção desse neurotransmissor, funcionando como um antidepressivo natural. Em Cotia, em São Paulo, um programa de meditação para crianças carentes, conduzido pela monja Sinceridade no Templo Zu Lai (sede da primeira universidade budista do país), tem resultado em mudanças no comportamento de 128 meninos de favelas. “Eles melhoraram significativamente a concentração. E a convivência social com eles tornou-se mais tranqüila”, diz ela.
FAST FOOD MENTAL?
Toda essa popularidade, porém, não permite afirmar que a meditação continuará mantendo alguma identidade com a prática ancestral do Oriente. Além de sua gradual transformação em técnica laica, ocorre neste momento uma rápida adaptação do modo de usá-la ao estilo de vida ocidental.
Em vez de contemplações que duram uma eternidade (você aí teria pique para ficar quatro horas sentado no chão, imóvel, como faz diariamente o Dalai Lama?), tornou-se padrão a meditação de 20 minutos duas vezes ao dia. Ainda assim, isso parece exigir uma boa dose de sacrifício de inquietos habitantes de metrópoles como Nova York e São Paulo. No próximo ano, o autor Victor Davich lançará nos Estados Unidos o livro Eight Minutes that Will Change your Life (“Oito Minutos que Mudarão sua Vida”) no qual defenderá um tipo de meditação “fast food” de não mais que oito minutos. Segundo ele, esse é o tempo que os americanos estão acostumados a se concentrar diariamente: os blocos de programas de TV duram exatamente isso, entre um comercial e outro. Da mesma forma, os mantras sonoros em sânscrito das meditações místicas foram substituídos por mantras mentais, baseados em palavras escolhidas ao acaso.
Tais ajustes são vistos com reservas por iogues, praticantes tradicionalistas e até instrutores mais liberais, como a americana Susan Andrews, para quem é saudável tirar a meditação “das nuvens do esoterismo” e aproximá-la da ciência. “Relaxamento e pensamento positivo são efeitos colaterais da meditação, não sua meta”, diz Susan. “O grande alvo é atingir a hiperconsciência, o samadhi, aquele estado de plenitude, iluminação e êxtase indescritível.” A questão é que para chegar lá o meditador precisa deixar de lado a idéia de que meditar não implica qualquer esforço, cuidando de manter a concentração firme e afinada por pelo menos uma hora. E isso, admitamos, é algo que também exige um preparo de monge.
Passo a passo
Há vários maneiras de meditar, mas a regra básica é a mesma: atenção
Sentado
No chão ou em uma cadeira, mantenha a coluna ereta e concentre-se nos movimentos da respiração, observando a entrada e a saída do ar pelas narinas. Se preferir, concentre-se num mantra, que pode ser qualquer palavra, uma frase ou apenas um murmúrio. Repita seu mantra a cada expiração. Fechar os olhos pode ajudar. Se ficar de olhos abertos, concentre o olhar em um ponto.
Em pé
Posicione-se junto a uma fileira de árvores e tente se sentir como uma delas. Concentre-se na respiração e imagine seus pés desenvolvendo raízes no chão.
Caminhando
É uma boa saída para quem, por algum motivo, não consegue ficar imóvel. O segredo é focar as pisadas, vendo-as como um todo ou como segmentos do movimento, que pode ser lento ou acelerado. Melhor caminhar em círculo, sem a expectativa de um ponto de chegada.
Visualização
Crie uma imagem significativa para você – pode ser um símbolo religioso ou uma paisagem – e concentre-se nela.
Entre o céu e os neurônios
Meditação não é coisa só de budistas. Várias religiões têm sua versão dessa prática
Hinduísmo
Textos sagrados do período védico, entre 2000 e 3000 a.C., fazem referências a mantras e contemplações. A meditação é uma das principais práticas do conjunto de escolas religiosas da Índia conhecido como hinduísmo.
Budismo
Foi meditando debaixo de uma figueira que o príncipe Sidarta Gautama alcançou a iluminação, por volta de 588 a.C., tornando-se o Buda. Prática fundamental no budismo, a meditação é vista, sobretudo, como um método de examinar a realidade pessoal e eliminar condicionamentos.
Cristianismo
Os chamados padres do deserto, da região de Alexandria, no Egito, é que consolidaram a meditação como hábito cristão no século 4. A prática, disseminada nos monastérios, desde o século passado vem sendo adotada por cristãos leigos.
Judaísmo
Os praticantes da Cabala, tradição esotérica judaica, difundiram a meditação entre seus adeptos na Europa, por volta do ano 1000, como uma forma de entrar em comunhão com Deus.
Islamismo
Também por volta do ano 1000, os sufis, que constituem o segmento místico dos muçulmanos, incorporaram a meditação aos seus rituais, os quais incluem o êxtase místico por meio da dança.
Independentes
Em 1967, um encontro dos Beatles com o guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi iniciou a expansão da meditação transcendental no Ocidente e o florescimento de uma infinidade de gurus e técnicas meditativas que, desde então, atraem adeptos em toda parte.
Para saber mais
Na livraria
A Mente Alerta, Jon Kabat-Zinn, Objetiva, Rio de Janeiro, 2001
Meditação e os Segredos da Mente, Susan Andrews, Instituto Visão Futuro, Porangaba, 2001
Why God Won´t Go Away, Andrew Newberg, Ballantine, Nova York, 2001
Yoga, Caco de Paulo e Marcia Bindo, São Paulo, Superinteressante, 2002
A Resposta do Relaxamento, Herbert Benson, Nova Era, 1995
Medicina Espiritual, Herbert Benson, Campus, Rio de Janeiro, 2003
Na internet
www.dharmanet.com.br
www.yoga.pro.br
www.mindandlife.org
Just breathe
Recommended by doctors, scientists studied, practiced by millions worldwide. Learn this technique of self ancestor and all she can do for you.
By Jomar Morais
In the room empty and silent, two Zen monks, their robes and with shaven heads, are sitting on the floor, side by side, legs crossed. After a few moments, the youngest takes a look surprised and ironic to master. Sereno, the old monk said: "That's it, really. It will not happen any more. " This is not a real scene. It's just a cartoon published in the prestigious American magazine The New Yorker, playing with the new American habit of meditating regularly, as do Asians for thousands of years. The fine irony of charge, however, has to do with reality. Although simple, the attitude of sitting on a cushion (stay in lotus position requires a preparation monk) and stay tuned to the very breath is so out of place in our hasty routine that is easy to identify with the young monk, perplexed and ironic , to face her for the first time. With me was no different.The first time that I stopped to follow the rhythm of the breath, the initial feeling was one of surprise. I was surprised by how quickly all walked to inactivity. The whirlwind of thoughts that occupied my mind (an account to pay for a scene in the movie that I saw the day before, a good joke to tell your friends) disappeared without me noticing. The discomfort of numb leg, by bending down, was soon replaced by an unexpected pleasure, pleasure to breathe. Then, suddenly, it was as if everything had stopped in the first seconds after waking, those moments that you feel present and alert but with empty head. Anyway, those few seconds of the day when nothing happens.It was then that everything was kind of ironic: the ecstasy, the delicious strangeness that clogged my feelings, just a second! And the next moment all thoughts returned: the account, the movie, the joke and a lot of things. Laughing to myself, I wondered - perhaps as a young monk perplexed and suspicious - if there was something more fun to do at that moment. But soon I found myself again with my eyes closed.You mean you just stop and meditate not think of anything? It is. As experts say, is a not-doing. But, believe me, is not easy. Not for Westerners like you and me, accustomed to the idea that in order to resolve an issue, the first step is to think hard on it. In meditation, the idea is exactly the opposite: to stop thinking, however bizarre it may seem.
The novelty is that, even seeming alien, meditation winning more supporters in the West. Ten million Americans meditate regularly at home and in hospitals, schools, businesses, airports and even Internet kiosks. Among the millions of Americans meditators are celebrities caliber, as the head of Ford, Bill Ford and former Vice President Al Gore. In Brazil, such as the Hollywood of the 90s, entered the meditation routine stars - including actress and presenter Angelica Torloni Christiani, who used to practice to get rid of a crisis of panic - and turned daily tool productivity in companies and even in some circles of power. The mayor of Recife, Joao Paulo, for example, only hours after the start meditating for a few minutes.But how does something like this, against the modern pragmatism, can excite so many? How can people be able to pay dearly to attend meditation sessions - ie, to sit quietly in a room with almost no furniture?No doubt there are many people disillusioned with the Western way of life (the destruction of the environment, life increasingly lonely and competition from big cities by breadwinner). But this number can not explain alone the explosion of meditation. The truth is that science decided to look into the effects of this practice, and the news of research laboratories increasingly convinced more people to relax in the lotus position.The main result of this research can be summarized in two words: meditation works. That is, strange as it seems to gym rats who esfalfam in exercises to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, doing nothing for a few minutes daily has tangible effects, real and measurable in the body. And the best: only showed positive effects (at least so far). That is, what the fans of traditional Chinese medicine and Buddhist masters lived repeating (with a kindly smile on his face) begins to be seen by some Westerners renowned research centers, universities like Harvard, Columbia, Stanford and Massachusetts, in the United States and the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) in Brazil.It is difficult to list the findings because research on meditation recently reached adulthood. More precisely in 2000, when the leader of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama (always him), met with a group of psychologists and neurologists in India and suggested that scientists to study a team of superstars in meditation during the trance, to see what was happening with their bodies. Scientists embraced the challenge and since then, the research does not stop producing surprises. We already know, for example, that meditation affects, in fact, the brain waves. It is also known that it has positive effects on the immune system, reduces stress and relieves pain. "Three decades of research has shown that meditation is a good antidote to stress," says American psychologist and journalist Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence and How to Deal with Destructive Emotions, this account of the meeting of scientists with the Dalai Lama ."Now, what are you aiming for researchers is how meditation can train the mind and reshape the brain," says Daniel.The joke of the two monks there at the beginning of this story, is not free. After all, for centuries that meditation is practiced in the East, on the recommendation of religion (see chart on religious meditations on page 62). The detail is that now is also medical guidance. In the '70s, when the practice began to spread across the West, fueled by the hippie movement, the Brazilian singer and composer Walter Franco sang everything was a matter of "keeping the mind still, the spine erect and peaceful heart." Today, Walter's verses could be part of a prescription for a training at a large company or even a program to recover stuck."Focusing attention on the inner world, as is done in meditation is a therapeutic situation," says psychologist Jose Roberto Leite, coordinator of behavioral medicine institute Unifesp. "We want to assess the extent of this practice and isolate it from its appearance superstitious." Behind this intention is the fact that the causes of diseases have changed much in the last 100 years. In the past, the evils were caused primarily by microorganisms. People were dying of polio, measles, smallpox and other diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. But that has changed, thanks to improvements in sanitation and the creation of antibiotics and vaccines. "Today, most diseases are caused by things like hypertension, obesity and addiction, which are linked to inadequate standards of behavior," says José Roberto. That is what kills the bad habits are today.And these are bad habits that you want to fight for meditation, also known by the pompous name of "contemplative practice". Appease the mind, scientists are now discovering, can reduce the level of anxiety and correct unhealthy behaviors. The cardiologist Herbert Benson of Harvard University, a leading researcher of meditation and the power of beliefs in health promotion, the estimate comes in his book Spiritual Medicine that 60% of outpatient visits could be avoided if people just wore the mind to counter the stresses that cause physical complications.But then, how do you meditate and what happens during contemplative practice? Well, there are a range of modalities from which to meditate, but the basic recipe is the same: concentration. Vale focus on the breath, an image (a point or an image of the saint), a sound, or the repetition of a word (the famous mantra as "ohmmm" for example). Stop thinking equates to stay almost exclusively in the present. It makes sense. Thoughts are basically made of two substances: ideas and experiences we hear, learn or live in the past and plans and concerns we have for the future. It's those rare moments in which the meditator can get rid of those noises that feelings common in descriptions of famous yogis: feeling of being connected with the universe or the world have a superconsciousness. Meditation is therefore concentrate on fewer things, inhibiting the senses and emptying the mind. All this without losing alertness, ie without sleep.But how to know if it worked? How to know if you meditated? That's the best part of the story: no note or evaluation. Unless you meditate plugged into a machine to see if their EEG brainwaves changed. Since this is impractical, the best measure for performance is yourself. Only you can say what you feel and if it was good.
BIOLOGY OF ZENThe effects of meditation on the body are amazing. In the early studies on meditation, in the 60s, the cardiologist Benson of Harvard and other researchers subjected the meditators experiments in which the blood pressure, the heart and brain rhythms and even skin temperature were monitored and rectum. It was verified that, while meditating, they consumed 17% less oxygen and his heart rate dropped to incredible three beats per minute (the average for people at rest is 60 bpm). This happened when the brain waves reaching the theta rhythm, slow and powerful, in which the mind reach a state of "superconsciousness" reported by yogis and characterized by insight and joy.Theta waves vibrate just four cycles per second. To get an idea, we are active when the brain emits beta waves, oscillating around 13 cycles per second. You know that feeling caused by theta waves. Is that blunting of the senses that comes in seconds that precede sleep. At that moment, our brain works in theta rhythm. But meditators surveyed were not sleeping. Rather, they were wide awake and calm.Later, it was realized also that at the time of meditation blood flow decreased in almost all brain areas but increased in the region of the limbic system, called the "emotional brain", responsible for emotions, memory and the rhythms of the heart, respiration and metabolism. The cardiologist Benson, who wrote a classic on the subject in the 90s - The Relaxation Response - borrowed a bit of humility and oriental said his work is summarized to explain biologically known techniques for millennia.Since then, a series of new research, supported in images of intimacy neurological made by sophisticated scanners that show the brain at work, lifted the veil on other secrets. One of the most comprehensive and revelatory studies was conducted by Andrew Newberg of the University of Pennsylvania, USA. The idea was to record what happens to the brain when it reaches the climax in mystical practices such as meditation and prayer. Newberg tracked the brain activity of a group of Buddhists in deep meditation and a group of Franciscan nuns praying fervently.He found a significant change in the superior parietal lobe, located in the forebrain and responsible for the sense of orientation - the ability of perception of space and time and individuality. According to the findings of Newberg, as the contemplation deepens, the activity in the region decreases gradually cease entirely until the peak moment, one in which the meditator experiences the feeling of oneness with the universe, about an hour after the beginning of concentration. At that moment, deprived of electrical impulses, neurons in the parietal lobe off the mechanisms of visual and motor functions and devout meditator or loses the notion of "self" and feels pleasantly expanded beyond any limit. It's nirvana. That is, Newberg registered on their devices the image of a brain literally in paradise.But that's not all. The images revealed that, during the experiment, the temporal lobes (seat of emotions in the brain) had redoubled their activity, which would explain the enormous influence of meditation on the emotions and personality of practitioners. Newberg had no doubt in his conclusion: the feelings of elevation and contact with the divine experienced by Buddhist nuns and are a real phenomenon, based on biological facts.But some see it all with a certain suspicion. "Apparently, we have a marketing phenomenon," said Richard Sloan, a psychologist at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, commenting on the meeting with the Dalai scientists, three years ago. According to Richard, it is debatable whether the impact of meditation on the nervous system and health has a profound and lasting effect or only superficial and ephemeral. So it's time to check out what the studies say about it.
QUIET MIND, BODY HEALTHYMeditation helps control anxiety and relieve pain? Apparently, yes. In these two areas the scientists found further evidence of the therapeutic action of meditation, as dozens of research. Over the past 24 years, only the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts monitored 14 000 patients with cancer, AIDS, chronic pain and gastric complications. The technicians found that undergoing meditation sessions that changed the focus of his attention, patients reduced the level of anxiety and decreased or abandoned the use of painkillers. That is, they have learned to understand the pain, instead of fighting it. With that, left to anticipate it or amplify it through fear of coming to feel it. Yes, because much of the soreness is psychological, manufactured by fear of pain. Result: complaints of pain, according to the clinic's director, Jon Kabat-Zinn, decreased on average by 40%.In Unifesp hospital in Sao Paulo, meditation is indicated for patients with fibromyalgia (pain in muscles and joints), phobias and compulsions. Ali, a recent study led by Dr. Elisa biology Harumi Kozasa testified improving mental alertness and motor in anxious and depressed that for three months, meditated under the guidance of instructors Indians. Another study, coordinated by psychologists and Marchiori Marcia Elaine de Siqueira Sales, the coming months should compare the therapeutic effects of meditation with physical relaxation techniques.The performance relieving meditation, studies of American universities Stanford and Columbia, is because the mind stilled inhibits the production of adrenaline and cortisol - hormones secreted in stressful situations - at the same time it stimulates the brain to produce endorphins, a tranquilizer and natural painkiller as powerful as morphine and responsible for the sensation of lightness in his joy.Already seems reason enough to surrender to the mantras, but there's more. Investigations in Wisconsin University, USA, added that meditation also improves the action of the immune system, which defends the body against attack by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and other germs). The experiment compared two groups of volunteers - one comprised of people who meditated for a few months and the other for non-meditators. First it was found that meditators had increased activity in brain area related to positive emotions. Then, both groups were vaccinated against influenza and subjected to measurements four weeks and eight weeks later. The staff used to chant mantras showed a much greater number of antibodies, suggesting that its defense systems were more active.Last April, during a meeting of the American Urological Association, it was announced that meditation helps curb prostate cancer. And some researchers have reported that women with breast cancer that had started to meditate elevation in the level of immune cells that fight tumors. But these findings are far from achieving unanimity among scientists. The American psychiatrist Stephen Barrett, one of the leading critics to alternative therapies in the United States, wary of the results. "Meditation can relieve stress, but will never share your addition in the treatment of serious diseases such as cancer." Even an enthusiast of the technique, as Herbert Benson, does not rule out the traditional Western treatments. For him, the health and longevity in the modern world are increasingly the result of a tripod formed by drugs, surgery and personal care, including meditation here and all the power of beliefs catalyst in organic reactions.
BRAIN RESCHEDULEDBut there is still much to be discovered about the mantra and researchers are poring over the meditators, trying to understand how such a simple act causes so many changes. Studies such as Wisconsin, linking mental discipline to positive emotions and good performance of the immune system, stir up the interest of scientists in assessing the real power of meditation on brain function reformatting. And what they are finding is that with enough practice, neurons can reprogram the brain activity of wolves, especially the area related to the concentration and orientation.You can not deny that, on concentration, the Dalai Lama and the Orientals, with their attention to detail and his extreme attention, have much to teach Westerners. "Only recently Western psychiatry recognized the existence of attention deficit disorder (a syndrome characterized by difficulty concentrating, low frustration tolerance and impulsivity), but for thousands of years traditions like Buddhism claim that all suffer with this disorder more or less intensity, "says psychiatrist Roger Walsh of the University of California at Irvine.The possibility of major changes to the brain, just meditating, might in the future help to prevent or overcome vascular complications at much lower cost than the surgeries. Or to break constraints and redirect the minds of antisocial individuals - which, incidentally, has been tested with relative success. In an experiment in Kings County North Rehabilitation Facility, prison near Seattle in the United States, a group of prisoners convicted of crimes related to drug and alcohol practiced vippassana (Buddhist meditation with an initial focus on the breath, followed by existential analysis) 11 hours per day for ten days. After returning home, only 56% of them reincidiram in crime within two years, a rate considered good compared to 75% of recidivism among non-meditated.Already at Cambridge University in the United States, one study found a reduction of up to 50% of relapses in patients with chronic depression that began meditating regularly. The disease is accompanied by a decrease in the level of serotonin in the brain process generally reversed with antidepressants such as Prozac. Meditation increases the production of dopamine, acting as a natural antidepressant. In Cotia, São Paulo, a meditation program for underprivileged children run by nuns Sincerity Zu Lai Temple (site of the first Buddhist university in the country), has resulted in changes in the behavior of 128 children from the slums. "They have significantly improved concentration. And socializing with them became more quiet, "she says.
MENTAL FAST FOOD?All this popularity, however, did not show that meditation will maintain some identity with the ancient practice of the East. In addition to its gradual transformation into technical secular occurs at this time of rapid adaptation mode use it to western lifestyle.Instead of contemplations that last an eternity (there would chop you to stay four hours sitting on the floor, motionless, as the Dalai Lama does daily?), Became standard meditation for 20 minutes twice a day. Still, it seems to require a good deal of sacrifice restless inhabitants of cities like New York and Sao Paulo. Next year, the author Victor Davich will release the book in the U.S. Eight Minutes That Will Change Your Life ("Eight Minutes that Will Change Your Life") in which defend a kind of meditation "fast food" of no more than eight minutes. According to him, this is the time that Americans are accustomed to daily focus: the blocks of TV shows just that last between one business and another. Likewise, mantras sound Sanskrit of mystical meditations were replaced by mental mantras, based on randomly chosen words.Such adjustments are viewed with reservations by yogis, practitioners and traditionalists even more liberal instructors such as American Susan Andrews, who is healthy to take meditation "clouds of esotericism" and closer to science. "Relaxation and positive thinking are side effects of meditation, not your goal," says Susan. "The main target is to achieve hyperconsciousness, samadhi, that bliss, indescribable bliss and enlightenment." The point is that to get there the meditator needs to put aside the idea that meditation does not involve any effort, careful to keep the concentration firm and tuned for at least one hour. This, admittedly, is something that also requires a preparation monk.
Step by step
There are several ways to meditate, but the basic rule is the same: attention
SeatedOn the floor or in a chair, keep your back straight and concentrate on the movements of breathing, watching the entrance and exit of air through the nostrils. If you prefer, focus on a mantra, which can be any word, phrase or just a murmur. Repeat your mantra with each exhalation. Close your eyes can help. If you keep your eyes open, focus your gaze on a point.
StandingPosition yourself near a row of trees and try to feel like one. Focus on your breathing and imagine your feet on the ground developing roots.
WalkingIt's a good outlet for those who, for some reason, can not sit still. The secret is to focus footsteps, seeing them as a whole or as segments of the movement, which can be slow or fast. Best walk in a circle, without the expectation of a point of arrival.
PreviewCreate a meaningful picture for you - can be a religious symbol or a landscape - and concentrate on it.Between heaven and neurons
Meditation is not something just for Buddhists. Various religions have their version of this practice
HinduismSacred texts of the Vedic period, between 2000 and 3000 BC make references to mantras and contemplations. Meditation is one of the main practices of all religious schools of India known as Hinduism.
BuddhismWas meditating beneath a fig tree that Prince Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment, around 588 BC, becoming the Buddha. Fundamental practice in Buddhism, meditation is seen mainly as a method of examining the personal reality and eliminate constraints.
ChristianityThe so-called fathers of the desert, the region of Alexandria, in Egypt, is that consolidated the Christian meditation as a habit in the 4th century. The practice, widespread in monasteries, since the last century has been adopted by lay Christians.
JudaismThe practitioners of Kabbalah, Jewish esoteric tradition, meditation spread among its adherents in Europe around the year 1000, as a way of entering into communion with God.
IslamAlso around the year 1000, the Sufis, who constitute the segment of the Muslim mystic, incorporated meditation to their rituals, which include the mystical ecstasy through dance.IndependentIn 1967, an encounter with the Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi began the expansion of transcendental meditation in the West and the flowering of a plethora of gurus and meditative techniques that have since attracted fans everywhere.
To learn more
At the bookstore
Alert Mind, Jon Kabat-Zinn, Lens, Rio de Janeiro, 2001
Meditation and Secrets of Mind, Susan Andrews, Future Vision Institute, Porangaba, 2001
Why God Will not Go Away, Andrew Newberg, Ballantine, New York, 2001
Yoga, Kermit Paul and Marcia Bindo, São Paulo, Superinteressante, 2002
The Relaxation Response, Herbert Benson, New Age, 1995
Spiritual Medicine, Herbert Benson, Campus, Rio de Janeiro, 2003
On the internetwww.dharmanet.com.brwww.yoga.pro.brwww.mindandlife.org
Just breathe
Recommended by doctors, scientists studied, practiced by millions worldwide. Learn this technique of self ancestor and all she can do for you.
By Jomar Morais
In the room empty and silent, two Zen monks, their robes and with shaven heads, are sitting on the floor, side by side, legs crossed. After a few moments, the youngest takes a look surprised and ironic to master. Sereno, the old monk said: "That's it, really. It will not happen any more. " This is not a real scene. It's just a cartoon published in the prestigious American magazine The New Yorker, playing with the new American habit of meditating regularly, as do Asians for thousands of years. The fine irony of charge, however, has to do with reality. Although simple, the attitude of sitting on a cushion (stay in lotus position requires a preparation monk) and stay tuned to the very breath is so out of place in our hasty routine that is easy to identify with the young monk, perplexed and ironic , to face her for the first time. With me was no different.The first time that I stopped to follow the rhythm of the breath, the initial feeling was one of surprise. I was surprised by how quickly all walked to inactivity. The whirlwind of thoughts that occupied my mind (an account to pay for a scene in the movie that I saw the day before, a good joke to tell your friends) disappeared without me noticing. The discomfort of numb leg, by bending down, was soon replaced by an unexpected pleasure, pleasure to breathe. Then, suddenly, it was as if everything had stopped in the first seconds after waking, those moments that you feel present and alert but with empty head. Anyway, those few seconds of the day when nothing happens.It was then that everything was kind of ironic: the ecstasy, the delicious strangeness that clogged my feelings, just a second! And the next moment all thoughts returned: the account, the movie, the joke and a lot of things. Laughing to myself, I wondered - perhaps as a young monk perplexed and suspicious - if there was something more fun to do at that moment. But soon I found myself again with my eyes closed.You mean you just stop and meditate not think of anything? It is. As experts say, is a not-doing. But, believe me, is not easy. Not for Westerners like you and me, accustomed to the idea that in order to resolve an issue, the first step is to think hard on it. In meditation, the idea is exactly the opposite: to stop thinking, however bizarre it may seem.
The novelty is that, even seeming alien, meditation winning more supporters in the West. Ten million Americans meditate regularly at home and in hospitals, schools, businesses, airports and even Internet kiosks. Among the millions of Americans meditators are celebrities caliber, as the head of Ford, Bill Ford and former Vice President Al Gore. In Brazil, such as the Hollywood of the 90s, entered the meditation routine stars - including actress and presenter Angelica Torloni Christiani, who used to practice to get rid of a crisis of panic - and turned daily tool productivity in companies and even in some circles of power. The mayor of Recife, Joao Paulo, for example, only hours after the start meditating for a few minutes.But how does something like this, against the modern pragmatism, can excite so many? How can people be able to pay dearly to attend meditation sessions - ie, to sit quietly in a room with almost no furniture?No doubt there are many people disillusioned with the Western way of life (the destruction of the environment, life increasingly lonely and competition from big cities by breadwinner). But this number can not explain alone the explosion of meditation. The truth is that science decided to look into the effects of this practice, and the news of research laboratories increasingly convinced more people to relax in the lotus position.The main result of this research can be summarized in two words: meditation works. That is, strange as it seems to gym rats who esfalfam in exercises to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, doing nothing for a few minutes daily has tangible effects, real and measurable in the body. And the best: only showed positive effects (at least so far). That is, what the fans of traditional Chinese medicine and Buddhist masters lived repeating (with a kindly smile on his face) begins to be seen by some Westerners renowned research centers, universities like Harvard, Columbia, Stanford and Massachusetts, in the United States and the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) in Brazil.It is difficult to list the findings because research on meditation recently reached adulthood. More precisely in 2000, when the leader of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama (always him), met with a group of psychologists and neurologists in India and suggested that scientists to study a team of superstars in meditation during the trance, to see what was happening with their bodies. Scientists embraced the challenge and since then, the research does not stop producing surprises. We already know, for example, that meditation affects, in fact, the brain waves. It is also known that it has positive effects on the immune system, reduces stress and relieves pain. "Three decades of research has shown that meditation is a good antidote to stress," says American psychologist and journalist Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence and How to Deal with Destructive Emotions, this account of the meeting of scientists with the Dalai Lama ."Now, what are you aiming for researchers is how meditation can train the mind and reshape the brain," says Daniel.The joke of the two monks there at the beginning of this story, is not free. After all, for centuries that meditation is practiced in the East, on the recommendation of religion (see chart on religious meditations on page 62). The detail is that now is also medical guidance. In the '70s, when the practice began to spread across the West, fueled by the hippie movement, the Brazilian singer and composer Walter Franco sang everything was a matter of "keeping the mind still, the spine erect and peaceful heart." Today, Walter's verses could be part of a prescription for a training at a large company or even a program to recover stuck."Focusing attention on the inner world, as is done in meditation is a therapeutic situation," says psychologist Jose Roberto Leite, coordinator of behavioral medicine institute Unifesp. "We want to assess the extent of this practice and isolate it from its appearance superstitious." Behind this intention is the fact that the causes of diseases have changed much in the last 100 years. In the past, the evils were caused primarily by microorganisms. People were dying of polio, measles, smallpox and other diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. But that has changed, thanks to improvements in sanitation and the creation of antibiotics and vaccines. "Today, most diseases are caused by things like hypertension, obesity and addiction, which are linked to inadequate standards of behavior," says José Roberto. That is what kills the bad habits are today.And these are bad habits that you want to fight for meditation, also known by the pompous name of "contemplative practice". Appease the mind, scientists are now discovering, can reduce the level of anxiety and correct unhealthy behaviors. The cardiologist Herbert Benson of Harvard University, a leading researcher of meditation and the power of beliefs in health promotion, the estimate comes in his book Spiritual Medicine that 60% of outpatient visits could be avoided if people just wore the mind to counter the stresses that cause physical complications.But then, how do you meditate and what happens during contemplative practice? Well, there are a range of modalities from which to meditate, but the basic recipe is the same: concentration. Vale focus on the breath, an image (a point or an image of the saint), a sound, or the repetition of a word (the famous mantra as "ohmmm" for example). Stop thinking equates to stay almost exclusively in the present. It makes sense. Thoughts are basically made of two substances: ideas and experiences we hear, learn or live in the past and plans and concerns we have for the future. It's those rare moments in which the meditator can get rid of those noises that feelings common in descriptions of famous yogis: feeling of being connected with the universe or the world have a superconsciousness. Meditation is therefore concentrate on fewer things, inhibiting the senses and emptying the mind. All this without losing alertness, ie without sleep.But how to know if it worked? How to know if you meditated? That's the best part of the story: no note or evaluation. Unless you meditate plugged into a machine to see if their EEG brainwaves changed. Since this is impractical, the best measure for performance is yourself. Only you can say what you feel and if it was good.
BIOLOGY OF ZENThe effects of meditation on the body are amazing. In the early studies on meditation, in the 60s, the cardiologist Benson of Harvard and other researchers subjected the meditators experiments in which the blood pressure, the heart and brain rhythms and even skin temperature were monitored and rectum. It was verified that, while meditating, they consumed 17% less oxygen and his heart rate dropped to incredible three beats per minute (the average for people at rest is 60 bpm). This happened when the brain waves reaching the theta rhythm, slow and powerful, in which the mind reach a state of "superconsciousness" reported by yogis and characterized by insight and joy.Theta waves vibrate just four cycles per second. To get an idea, we are active when the brain emits beta waves, oscillating around 13 cycles per second. You know that feeling caused by theta waves. Is that blunting of the senses that comes in seconds that precede sleep. At that moment, our brain works in theta rhythm. But meditators surveyed were not sleeping. Rather, they were wide awake and calm.Later, it was realized also that at the time of meditation blood flow decreased in almost all brain areas but increased in the region of the limbic system, called the "emotional brain", responsible for emotions, memory and the rhythms of the heart, respiration and metabolism. The cardiologist Benson, who wrote a classic on the subject in the 90s - The Relaxation Response - borrowed a bit of humility and oriental said his work is summarized to explain biologically known techniques for millennia.Since then, a series of new research, supported in images of intimacy neurological made by sophisticated scanners that show the brain at work, lifted the veil on other secrets. One of the most comprehensive and revelatory studies was conducted by Andrew Newberg of the University of Pennsylvania, USA. The idea was to record what happens to the brain when it reaches the climax in mystical practices such as meditation and prayer. Newberg tracked the brain activity of a group of Buddhists in deep meditation and a group of Franciscan nuns praying fervently.He found a significant change in the superior parietal lobe, located in the forebrain and responsible for the sense of orientation - the ability of perception of space and time and individuality. According to the findings of Newberg, as the contemplation deepens, the activity in the region decreases gradually cease entirely until the peak moment, one in which the meditator experiences the feeling of oneness with the universe, about an hour after the beginning of concentration. At that moment, deprived of electrical impulses, neurons in the parietal lobe off the mechanisms of visual and motor functions and devout meditator or loses the notion of "self" and feels pleasantly expanded beyond any limit. It's nirvana. That is, Newberg registered on their devices the image of a brain literally in paradise.But that's not all. The images revealed that, during the experiment, the temporal lobes (seat of emotions in the brain) had redoubled their activity, which would explain the enormous influence of meditation on the emotions and personality of practitioners. Newberg had no doubt in his conclusion: the feelings of elevation and contact with the divine experienced by Buddhist nuns and are a real phenomenon, based on biological facts.But some see it all with a certain suspicion. "Apparently, we have a marketing phenomenon," said Richard Sloan, a psychologist at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, commenting on the meeting with the Dalai scientists, three years ago. According to Richard, it is debatable whether the impact of meditation on the nervous system and health has a profound and lasting effect or only superficial and ephemeral. So it's time to check out what the studies say about it.
QUIET MIND, BODY HEALTHYMeditation helps control anxiety and relieve pain? Apparently, yes. In these two areas the scientists found further evidence of the therapeutic action of meditation, as dozens of research. Over the past 24 years, only the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts monitored 14 000 patients with cancer, AIDS, chronic pain and gastric complications. The technicians found that undergoing meditation sessions that changed the focus of his attention, patients reduced the level of anxiety and decreased or abandoned the use of painkillers. That is, they have learned to understand the pain, instead of fighting it. With that, left to anticipate it or amplify it through fear of coming to feel it. Yes, because much of the soreness is psychological, manufactured by fear of pain. Result: complaints of pain, according to the clinic's director, Jon Kabat-Zinn, decreased on average by 40%.In Unifesp hospital in Sao Paulo, meditation is indicated for patients with fibromyalgia (pain in muscles and joints), phobias and compulsions. Ali, a recent study led by Dr. Elisa biology Harumi Kozasa testified improving mental alertness and motor in anxious and depressed that for three months, meditated under the guidance of instructors Indians. Another study, coordinated by psychologists and Marchiori Marcia Elaine de Siqueira Sales, the coming months should compare the therapeutic effects of meditation with physical relaxation techniques.The performance relieving meditation, studies of American universities Stanford and Columbia, is because the mind stilled inhibits the production of adrenaline and cortisol - hormones secreted in stressful situations - at the same time it stimulates the brain to produce endorphins, a tranquilizer and natural painkiller as powerful as morphine and responsible for the sensation of lightness in his joy.Already seems reason enough to surrender to the mantras, but there's more. Investigations in Wisconsin University, USA, added that meditation also improves the action of the immune system, which defends the body against attack by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and other germs). The experiment compared two groups of volunteers - one comprised of people who meditated for a few months and the other for non-meditators. First it was found that meditators had increased activity in brain area related to positive emotions. Then, both groups were vaccinated against influenza and subjected to measurements four weeks and eight weeks later. The staff used to chant mantras showed a much greater number of antibodies, suggesting that its defense systems were more active.Last April, during a meeting of the American Urological Association, it was announced that meditation helps curb prostate cancer. And some researchers have reported that women with breast cancer that had started to meditate elevation in the level of immune cells that fight tumors. But these findings are far from achieving unanimity among scientists. The American psychiatrist Stephen Barrett, one of the leading critics to alternative therapies in the United States, wary of the results. "Meditation can relieve stress, but will never share your addition in the treatment of serious diseases such as cancer." Even an enthusiast of the technique, as Herbert Benson, does not rule out the traditional Western treatments. For him, the health and longevity in the modern world are increasingly the result of a tripod formed by drugs, surgery and personal care, including meditation here and all the power of beliefs catalyst in organic reactions.
BRAIN RESCHEDULEDBut there is still much to be discovered about the mantra and researchers are poring over the meditators, trying to understand how such a simple act causes so many changes. Studies such as Wisconsin, linking mental discipline to positive emotions and good performance of the immune system, stir up the interest of scientists in assessing the real power of meditation on brain function reformatting. And what they are finding is that with enough practice, neurons can reprogram the brain activity of wolves, especially the area related to the concentration and orientation.You can not deny that, on concentration, the Dalai Lama and the Orientals, with their attention to detail and his extreme attention, have much to teach Westerners. "Only recently Western psychiatry recognized the existence of attention deficit disorder (a syndrome characterized by difficulty concentrating, low frustration tolerance and impulsivity), but for thousands of years traditions like Buddhism claim that all suffer with this disorder more or less intensity, "says psychiatrist Roger Walsh of the University of California at Irvine.The possibility of major changes to the brain, just meditating, might in the future help to prevent or overcome vascular complications at much lower cost than the surgeries. Or to break constraints and redirect the minds of antisocial individuals - which, incidentally, has been tested with relative success. In an experiment in Kings County North Rehabilitation Facility, prison near Seattle in the United States, a group of prisoners convicted of crimes related to drug and alcohol practiced vippassana (Buddhist meditation with an initial focus on the breath, followed by existential analysis) 11 hours per day for ten days. After returning home, only 56% of them reincidiram in crime within two years, a rate considered good compared to 75% of recidivism among non-meditated.Already at Cambridge University in the United States, one study found a reduction of up to 50% of relapses in patients with chronic depression that began meditating regularly. The disease is accompanied by a decrease in the level of serotonin in the brain process generally reversed with antidepressants such as Prozac. Meditation increases the production of dopamine, acting as a natural antidepressant. In Cotia, São Paulo, a meditation program for underprivileged children run by nuns Sincerity Zu Lai Temple (site of the first Buddhist university in the country), has resulted in changes in the behavior of 128 children from the slums. "They have significantly improved concentration. And socializing with them became more quiet, "she says.
MENTAL FAST FOOD?All this popularity, however, did not show that meditation will maintain some identity with the ancient practice of the East. In addition to its gradual transformation into technical secular occurs at this time of rapid adaptation mode use it to western lifestyle.Instead of contemplations that last an eternity (there would chop you to stay four hours sitting on the floor, motionless, as the Dalai Lama does daily?), Became standard meditation for 20 minutes twice a day. Still, it seems to require a good deal of sacrifice restless inhabitants of cities like New York and Sao Paulo. Next year, the author Victor Davich will release the book in the U.S. Eight Minutes That Will Change Your Life ("Eight Minutes that Will Change Your Life") in which defend a kind of meditation "fast food" of no more than eight minutes. According to him, this is the time that Americans are accustomed to daily focus: the blocks of TV shows just that last between one business and another. Likewise, mantras sound Sanskrit of mystical meditations were replaced by mental mantras, based on randomly chosen words.Such adjustments are viewed with reservations by yogis, practitioners and traditionalists even more liberal instructors such as American Susan Andrews, who is healthy to take meditation "clouds of esotericism" and closer to science. "Relaxation and positive thinking are side effects of meditation, not your goal," says Susan. "The main target is to achieve hyperconsciousness, samadhi, that bliss, indescribable bliss and enlightenment." The point is that to get there the meditator needs to put aside the idea that meditation does not involve any effort, careful to keep the concentration firm and tuned for at least one hour. This, admittedly, is something that also requires a preparation monk.
Step by step
There are several ways to meditate, but the basic rule is the same: attention
SeatedOn the floor or in a chair, keep your back straight and concentrate on the movements of breathing, watching the entrance and exit of air through the nostrils. If you prefer, focus on a mantra, which can be any word, phrase or just a murmur. Repeat your mantra with each exhalation. Close your eyes can help. If you keep your eyes open, focus your gaze on a point.
StandingPosition yourself near a row of trees and try to feel like one. Focus on your breathing and imagine your feet on the ground developing roots.
WalkingIt's a good outlet for those who, for some reason, can not sit still. The secret is to focus footsteps, seeing them as a whole or as segments of the movement, which can be slow or fast. Best walk in a circle, without the expectation of a point of arrival.
PreviewCreate a meaningful picture for you - can be a religious symbol or a landscape - and concentrate on it.Between heaven and neurons
Meditation is not something just for Buddhists. Various religions have their version of this practice
HinduismSacred texts of the Vedic period, between 2000 and 3000 BC make references to mantras and contemplations. Meditation is one of the main practices of all religious schools of India known as Hinduism.
BuddhismWas meditating beneath a fig tree that Prince Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment, around 588 BC, becoming the Buddha. Fundamental practice in Buddhism, meditation is seen mainly as a method of examining the personal reality and eliminate constraints.
ChristianityThe so-called fathers of the desert, the region of Alexandria, in Egypt, is that consolidated the Christian meditation as a habit in the 4th century. The practice, widespread in monasteries, since the last century has been adopted by lay Christians.
JudaismThe practitioners of Kabbalah, Jewish esoteric tradition, meditation spread among its adherents in Europe around the year 1000, as a way of entering into communion with God.
IslamAlso around the year 1000, the Sufis, who constitute the segment of the Muslim mystic, incorporated meditation to their rituals, which include the mystical ecstasy through dance.IndependentIn 1967, an encounter with the Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi began the expansion of transcendental meditation in the West and the flowering of a plethora of gurus and meditative techniques that have since attracted fans everywhere.
To learn more
At the bookstore
Alert Mind, Jon Kabat-Zinn, Lens, Rio de Janeiro, 2001
Meditation and Secrets of Mind, Susan Andrews, Future Vision Institute, Porangaba, 2001
Why God Will not Go Away, Andrew Newberg, Ballantine, New York, 2001
Yoga, Kermit Paul and Marcia Bindo, São Paulo, Superinteressante, 2002
The Relaxation Response, Herbert Benson, New Age, 1995
Spiritual Medicine, Herbert Benson, Campus, Rio de Janeiro, 2003
On the internetwww.dharmanet.com.brwww.yoga.pro.brwww.mindandlife.org
Muito bom esse seu texto abordado sobre Meditação....
ResponderExcluirmeu desejo é aprender a meditar e canalizar meus sentimentos e Pensamentos....
vou por em prática!!!