Revista científica
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
No campo das publicações acadêmicas, uma revista científica é uma publicação periódica destinada a promover o progresso da ciência, geralmente noticiando novas pesquisas. A maioria das revistas são altamente especializadas, embora algumas das publicações mais antigas tais como Nature publiquem artigos e dissertações científicas abrangendo uma vasta gama de campos científicos. Revistas científicas contém artigos que foram submetidos a revisão por pares, numa tentativa de assegurar que estes artigos vão ao encontro dos padrões de qualidade e validade científica da publicação. Embora revistas científicas sejam superficialmente similares a revistas profissionais, na verdade elas são bem diferentes destas. Edições de uma revista científica raramente são lidas casualmente, como se lê uma revista qualquer. A publicação dos resultados de pesquisa é parte essencial do método científico; eles geralmente devem suprir detalhes suficientes sobre um experimento, para que um pesquisador independente possa repetir o processo e verificar os resultados. Cada artigo da revista se torna parte de um registro científico permanente.
A história das revistas científicas começa em 1665, quando o francês Journal des Savants e o inglês Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society começaram a publicar sistematicamente resultados de pesquisas científicas. Mais de mil publicações, a maioria de existência efêmera, foram fundadas no século XVIII, e o número aumentou rapidamente depois disso.[1]
Tipos de artigos
Existem vários tipos de artigos científicos; a terminologia exata e as definições variam de campo e de publicação, mas freqüentemente incluem:
- Letters: ("cartas", também chamadas de comunicações, e que não devem ser confundidas com as cartas ao editor) são descrições breves de importantes descobertas em pesquisas atuais as quais são rapidamente despachadas para publicação imediata porque são consideradas urgentes.
- Notas breves: são descrições curtas de descobertas em pesquisas atuais e que são consideradas menos urgentes ou importantes do que as Letters
- Artigos: possuem geralmente entre cinco e vinte páginas e são uma descrição completa de descobertas originais feitas em pesquisas atuais. Existem variações consideráveis entre campos científicos e periódicos: artigos de 80 páginas não são raros em matemática ou ciência da computação teórica.
- Revisão de literatura: não cobrem pesquisas originais, mas resultados acumulados de muitos artigos diferentes sobre um tópico em particular numa narrativa coerente sobre o estado da arte naquele campo. Exemplos de revisões incluem as séries de periódicos Nature Reviews e Trends in, as quais convidam expertos para escrever sobre suas especializações e depois submetem o artigo à revisão por pares antes de sua publicação. Outros periódicos, tais como a série Current Opinion, são menos rigorosos na revisão de cada artigo e, em vez disso, confiam no autor para apresentar uma perspectiva acurada e imparcial. Revisões de literatura fornecem informações sobre o tópico, bem como referências quanto a pesquisa original.
Os formatos de artigos em periódicos variam, mas muitos seguem o esquema geral IMRAD, recomendado pelo International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Tais artigos começam com um resumo em língua estrangeira, que é uma síntese do paper contendo um a quatro parágrafos. A introdução, que faz uma exposição geral da pesquisa, incluindo uma revisão das pesquisas similares. A seção de material e métodos ou metodologia, detalha os procedimentos utilizados na pesquisa, de forma a que ela possa ser reproduzida por outrem. A seção de 'resultados e discussão faz a apresentação dos resultados obtidos e discute suas implicações. Finalmente, a conclusão coloca a pesquisa em seu contexto, sugere possíveis aplicações e a realização de pesquisas complementares.
Em acréscimo ao acima explicitado, alguns periódicos científicos tais como Science, incluem uma seção de notícias onde desenvolvimentos científicos (freqüentemente envolvendo questões políticas) são descritos. Estes artigos são freqüentemente escritos por jornalistas especializados e não por cientistas. Além disso, outros periódicos incluem um editorial e uma seção de cartas ao editor. Embora estes sejam artigos publicados num periódico científico, não são geralmente considerados como artigos científicos porque não passaram pela revisão dos pares.
Publicação eletrônica
Tem sido argumentado que periódicos em papel revisados por pares estão em processo de substituição pela publicação eletrônica, em suas várias formas.[2]
Uma das formas é o equivalente online do periódico em papel. Por volta de 2006, quase todos os periódicos científicos os tinham, embora mantendo seu processo de revisão por pares, criado versões eletrônicas; alguns chegaram mesmo a transformar-se em publicações inteiramente eletrônicas. A maioria das bibliotecas acadêmicas assinam as versões eletrônicas e compram cópias em papel somente dos títulos mais importantes e mais utilizados.
Geralmente, ocorre um intervalo de vários meses entre a redação de um artigo e sua publicação num periódico, o que não faz destas edições em papel um formato ideal para anunciar as pesquisas mais recentes. Muitos periódicos agora publicam os artigos finalizados em sua versão eletrônica assim que eles ficam prontos, sem esperar pela montagem de uma edição completa, como seria necessário em papel. Em muitos campos onde uma velocidade ainda maior é necessária, tal como a física, o papel do periódico em disseminar as pesquisas mais recentes têm sido substituída em larga escala por servidores de pré-publicação (preprint), tais como o arXiv.org. Quase todos os artigos pré-publicados são eventualmente publicados em periódicos tradicionais, os quais ainda desempenham um papel importante no controle de qualidade, arquivo de artigos e no estabelecimento do crédito científico.
Scientific journal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In the field of academic publications, a scientific journal is a periodical publication to promote the progress of science, usually heralding new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the older publications such as Nature publish articles and scientific dissertations covering a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles submitted to peer review in an attempt to ensure that these items are in line with quality and scientific validity of publication standards. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional journals, in fact they are quite different from these. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as we read any magazine. The publication of research results is an essential part of the scientific method; they must usually supply enough details about an experiment, so that an independent investigator to repeat the process and verify the results. Each magazine article becomes part of a permanent scientific record.
The history of scientific journals begins in 1665, when the French Journal des Savants and English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began to systematically publish results of scientific research. More than a thousand publications, most ephemeral existence, were founded in the eighteenth century, and the number increased rapidly after that. [1]
Types of Articles
There are several types of scientific articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary from field and publishing, but often include:
•Letters: ("letters", also called communications, and should not be confused with letters to the editor) are brief descriptions of important discoveries in current research which are quickly dispatched to immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
•Brief notes: are short descriptions of current research and discoveries that are considered less urgent or important than Letters
•Products generally have between five and twenty pages and are a complete description of original discoveries made in current research. There are considerable variations between scientific journals and fields: 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.
•Additional document: it contains a large amount of tabulated data that is the result of current research, and may contain dozens or hundreds of pages mostly filled with numeric data. Today, some journals only publish this information in electronic form, on the Internet.
•Literature review: do not cover original research, but accumulated results of many papers on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Examples of reviews include the journals Nature Reviews series and Trends in, which invite experts to write about their specializations and then submit the article for peer review before publication. Other journals, such as Current Opinion series, are less strict in reviewing each article and, instead, rely on the author to present an accurate and unbiased perspective. Literature reviews provide information on the topic, as well as references to original research.
The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general outline IMRAD recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Such articles begin with a summary in a foreign language, which is a synthesis of paper containing one to four paragraphs. The introduction, which makes a general statement of the research, including a review of similar research. The section material and methods or methodology, details the procedures used in the study, so that it can be reproduced by others. The section on 'results and discussion made the presentation of the findings and discusses their implications. Finally, the conclusion puts the search in context, suggests possible applications and to carry out further research.
In addition to the above explained, some scientific journals such as Science, include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by journalists and not by scientists. In addition, other periodicals include an editorial and a section of letters to the editor. Although these are articles published in a scientific journal, are generally not considered as scientific articles because not gone through peer review.
Electronic publishing
It has been argued that regular paper peer reviewed are in process of replacing the electronic publication, in its various forms. [2]
One way is the online equivalent of the journal paper. By 2006, almost all scientific journals had the while maintaining its process of peer review, created electronic versions; some have even become a completely electronic publications. Most academic libraries sign the electronic versions and buy paper copies only the most important and most used titles.
Generally, there is a gap of several months between the writing of an article and its publication in a journal, which does not make these issues on paper an ideal format to announce the latest research. Many journals now publish articles finalized in the electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete edition, as would be required on paper. In many fields where even greater speed is required, such as physics, the role of the journal to disseminate the latest research have been largely replaced by preprint servers (preprint), such as arXiv.org. Almost all pre-published articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still play an important role in quality control, file and articles in the scientific credit institution.
Scientific journal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In the field of academic publications, a scientific journal is a periodical publication to promote the progress of science, usually heralding new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the older publications such as Nature publish articles and scientific dissertations covering a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles submitted to peer review in an attempt to ensure that these items are in line with quality and scientific validity of publication standards. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional journals, in fact they are quite different from these. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as we read any magazine. The publication of research results is an essential part of the scientific method; they must usually supply enough details about an experiment, so that an independent investigator to repeat the process and verify the results. Each magazine article becomes part of a permanent scientific record.
The history of scientific journals begins in 1665, when the French Journal des Savants and English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began to systematically publish results of scientific research. More than a thousand publications, most ephemeral existence, were founded in the eighteenth century, and the number increased rapidly after that. [1]
Types of Articles
There are several types of scientific articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary from field and publishing, but often include:
•Letters: ("letters", also called communications, and should not be confused with letters to the editor) are brief descriptions of important discoveries in current research which are quickly dispatched to immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
•Brief notes: are short descriptions of current research and discoveries that are considered less urgent or important than Letters
•Products generally have between five and twenty pages and are a complete description of original discoveries made in current research. There are considerable variations between scientific journals and fields: 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.
•Additional document: it contains a large amount of tabulated data that is the result of current research, and may contain dozens or hundreds of pages mostly filled with numeric data. Today, some journals only publish this information in electronic form, on the Internet.
•Literature review: do not cover original research, but accumulated results of many papers on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Examples of reviews include the journals Nature Reviews series and Trends in, which invite experts to write about their specializations and then submit the article for peer review before publication. Other journals, such as Current Opinion series, are less strict in reviewing each article and, instead, rely on the author to present an accurate and unbiased perspective. Literature reviews provide information on the topic, as well as references to original research.
The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general outline IMRAD recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Such articles begin with a summary in a foreign language, which is a synthesis of paper containing one to four paragraphs. The introduction, which makes a general statement of the research, including a review of similar research. The section material and methods or methodology, details the procedures used in the study, so that it can be reproduced by others. The section on 'results and discussion made the presentation of the findings and discusses their implications. Finally, the conclusion puts the search in context, suggests possible applications and to carry out further research.
In addition to the above explained, some scientific journals such as Science, include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by journalists and not by scientists. In addition, other periodicals include an editorial and a section of letters to the editor. Although these are articles published in a scientific journal, are generally not considered as scientific articles because not gone through peer review.
Electronic publishing
It has been argued that regular paper peer reviewed are in process of replacing the electronic publication, in its various forms. [2]
One way is the online equivalent of the journal paper. By 2006, almost all scientific journals had the while maintaining its process of peer review, created electronic versions; some have even become a completely electronic publications. Most academic libraries sign the electronic versions and buy paper copies only the most important and most used titles.
Generally, there is a gap of several months between the writing of an article and its publication in a journal, which does not make these issues on paper an ideal format to announce the latest research. Many journals now publish articles finalized in the electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete edition, as would be required on paper. In many fields where even greater speed is required, such as physics, the role of the journal to disseminate the latest research have been largely replaced by preprint servers (preprint), such as arXiv.org. Almost all pre-published articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still play an important role in quality control, file and articles in the scientific credit institution.
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