Relatório da OIT aponta pior crise de emprego em 25 anos
Abraham Lama, IPS
Emprego na América Latina e no Caribe está passando pela pior crise no último quarto de século devido ao processo de globalização econômica, diz o "Perspectivas de Trabalho - 2002" (Labour Outlook 2002), um novo relatório do escritório regional da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT).
OIT - A situação social é ainda pior do que quando a região era afetada pela crise financeira do México de 1995, conhecida como "efeito tequila", e pela crise financeira asiática, que atingiu a América Latina em 1998-1999, disse o diretor geral da OIT, Juan Somavía.
Somavía apresentou o relatório a mais de 400 representantes de organizações governamentais, empresariais e trabalhistas de 35 nações das Américas reunidas na capital peruana, no domingo. O relatório compara as taxas de desemprego urbano dos primeiros 9 meses deste ano com aquelas do mesmo período em 2001 e encontrou um aumento de 16,4% para 21,5% na Argentina; de 6,2% para 7,3% no Brasil; 6,1% para 6,8% na Costa Rica, 2,4% para 2,8% no México; 9,4% para 9,7% no Peru; 15,4% para 16,5% no Uruguai; e 13,9% para 15,5% na Venezuela.
O desemprego médio urbano da região, hoje, se mantém em 9,3%, de acordo com cálculos da OIT. O estudo também mostra um aumento do mercado de trabalho informal, com 7 em cada 10 novos empregos criados na região, entre 1990 e 2002, no setor informal. Referindo-se ao aumento da insegurança no trabalho, organização, com sede em Genebra, sublinha que apenas 6 em cada 10 novos empregos dão acesso aos serviços de segurança social, e apenas duas em cada 10 pessoas empregadas no setor informal tem benefícios sociais.
A situação do emprego na América Latina é caracterizada por uma expansão da vulnerabilidade social e pela negação contínua dos direitos trabalhistas dos empregados. Somavía recomendou que os líderes governamentais e empresariais da região levem em conta a grave crise pela qual alguns países estão passando e "implementem imediatamente políticas sociais de emergência para prevenir uma explosão de pobreza, fome e desespero de milhões de desempregados". "Encaramos populações desesperadas que não compreendem como seus países terminaram em tal situação e, em muitos casos, sentem que são os verdadeiros párias da globalização", disse o diretor-geral numa conferência da imprensa de Lima, aludindo à situação da Argentina, descrita como um exemplo extremo da região.
"Se não revertemos essa situação, ela pode se deteriorar mais ainda, agravando a pobreza e a exclusão social, pondo em perigo a estabilidade política de muitos países, e ameaçando a capacidade das sociedades latino-americanas de manter a coexistência democrática", acrescentou. Os autores do relatório identificaram como causas do aumento do desemprego a desaceleração do crescimento econômico dos países mais industrializados, particularmente os Estados Unidos, o declínio dos preços de algumas mercadorias que lideram a exportação na região e a profunda depressão econômica da Argentina.
Eles mencionam que o impacto da atual crise é maior naqueles países que mantiveram um pesado ônus de dívida social, pendente desde os anos 80, que contribui para um déficit ainda maior de empregos dignos. A OIT não usa a categoria "desemprego", comum entre as estatísticas oficiais de muitos países da região, e, ao invés, fala de carência de "emprego digno", que satisfazem os padrões de leis nacionais e de compromissos internacionais, com proteção assegurada por um sistema de segurança social. "Toda a região ingressou na era da globalização com um déficit de emprego decente". Em 1990, 63 milhões de trabalhadores urbanos estavam excluídos dos empregos decentes, ou 45% da população economicamente ativa (PEA), e o número neste ano atingiu 93 milhões, ou 50,5% da PEA, denunciou Agustín Muñoz, diretor regional da OIT.
Muñoz e Somavía reconheceram que a crescente integração comercial internacional poderia trazer benefícios para as economias latino-americanas e caribenhas, mas mencionou que isso torna os países menos desenvolvidos mais vulneráveis. Dois terços da população economicamente ativa da América Latina está fora do alcance do sistema de proteção social em termos de serviços de saúde e pensões, diz a OIT. O relatório declara que a situação é particularmente aguda para as mulheres economicamente ativas (80% delas carecem de qualquer proteção social).
Outros fatores determinantes da situação do trabalho são as sérias deficiências das instituições democráticas, a expansão da corrupção política a níveis sem precedentes e o declínio da confiança da sociedade na independência das agências governamentais e dos sistemas judiciários, diz o documento da OIT. Somavía também menciona os efeitos da reforma de estado e os processos de privatização que dominaram políticas governamentais na região nos anos 90. "Quase ninguém está satisfeito com as reformas dos aparatos estatais. Alguns porque consideram que isso perverteu a natureza do estado e outros vêem as mudanças como deterioração do funcionamento do mercado", comentou.
A privatização, disse o chefe da OIT, "em muitos casos foi benéfica para a população, mas em muitos outros não. O povo não está recebendo os benefícios da transferência dos monopólios da esfera pública para a privada, que normalmente ocorre sem melhorias nos serviços e ainda com preços mais elevados. As projeções da OIT para 2003 têm um tom de otimismo, prevendo que a produção doméstica em conjunto terá um crescimento de 3%. Tal crescimento permitiria uma ligeira retomada do emprego na região, reduzindo o desemprego urbano para algo em torno de 8,6%, próximo da taxa do fim dos anos 90, de acordo com a agência internacional.
Tradutor: Francisco José Ramires
ILO report points worst employment crisis in 25 years
Abraham Lama, IPS
Employment in Latin America and the Caribbean is going through the worst crisis in the last quarter century due to the economic globalization process, says "Perspectives Working - 2002" (Labour Outlook 2002), a new International Labour Organization's regional office report (ILO).
ILO - The social situation is even worse than when the region was affected by the financial crisis in Mexico 1995, known as the "tequila effect", and the Asian financial crisis, which hit Latin America in 1998-1999, said the CEO ILO, Juan Somavia.
Somavia presented the report to more than 400 representatives of government, business and labor organizations from 35 nations of the Americas met in Lima on Sunday. The report compares urban unemployment rates for the first 9 months of this year with those of the same period in 2001 and found an increase of 16.4% to 21.5% in Argentina; from 6.2% to 7.3% in Brazil; 6.1% to 6.8% in Costa Rica, 2.4% to 2.8% in Mexico; 9.4% to 9.7% in Peru; 15.4% to 16.5% in Uruguay; and 13.9% to 15.5% in Venezuela.
The average urban unemployment in the region today stands at 9.3%, according to calculations of the ILO. The study also shows an increase in the informal labor market, with 7 out of 10 new jobs created in the region between 1990 and 2002 in the informal sector. Referring to the increased job insecurity, organization, based in Geneva, notes that only 6 out of 10 new jobs provide access to social security services, and only two out of 10 people employed in the informal sector have social benefits.
The employment situation in Latin America is characterized by an expansion of social vulnerability and the continued denial of labor rights of employees. Somavia recommended that government and business leaders in the region take into account the serious crisis that some countries are going through and "immediately implement emergency social policies to prevent an explosion of poverty, hunger and despair of millions of unemployed." "We look desperate people who do not understand how their countries ended in such a situation and, in many cases feel they are the true pariahs of globalization" said the Director-General in a press conference in Lima, alluding to the situation in Argentina, described as an extreme example of the region.
"If not reversed this situation, it may deteriorate further, worsening poverty and social exclusion, endangering many countries political stability, and threatening the ability of Latin American societies to maintain democratic coexistence," he added. The report's authors identify as causes of the increase in unemployment slowing economic growth in most industrialized countries, particularly the United States, the decline in prices of some goods leading the export in the region and the deep economic depression in Argentina.
They mention that the impact of the current crisis is higher in countries that have maintained a heavy burden of social debt, pending since the 80s, which contributes to an even greater deficit of decent jobs. The ILO does not use the category "unemployment", common among the official statistics of many countries in the region, and instead speaks of lack of "decent work", which meet the standards of national laws and international commitments, with assured protection by a social security system. "The whole region entered the globalization era with a shortage of decent work". In 1990, 63 million urban workers were excluded from decent jobs, or 45% of the economically active population (EAP), and the number this year reached 93 million, or 50.5% of the PEA, denounced Agustín Muñoz, Regional Director of the ILO .
Muñoz and Somavía acknowledged that growing international trade integration could be beneficial for Latin American and Caribbean economies, but mentioned that this makes the least developed countries more vulnerable. Two-thirds of the economically active population in Latin America is beyond the reach of the social protection system in terms of health and pension services, says the ILO. The report states that the situation is particularly acute for economically active women (80% of them lack any social protection).
Other determining factors of the work situation are the serious deficiencies of democratic institutions, the expansion of political corruption to unprecedented levels and the decline of society's trust in the independence of government agencies and judicial systems, says the ILO document. Somavia also mentions the effects of state reform and privatization processes that dominated government policies in the region in the 90s "Almost no one is satisfied with the reforms of the state apparatus. Some because they think it perverted the nature of the state and others see changes such as deterioration in the functioning of the market, "commented.
Privatisation, said the head of the ILO, "in many cases was beneficial for the population, but many others do not. The people are not getting the benefits of the transfer of the public sphere to the private monopolies, which usually occurs without improvements in services and even with higher prices. The projections for 2003 ILO have a note of optimism, predicting that domestic production together will have a growth of 3%. Such growth would allow a slight recovery in employment in the region, reducing the urban unemployment for something around 8.6%, close to the end of the rate of 90, according to the international agency.
Translator: Francisco José Ramires
Abraham Lama, IPS
Employment in Latin America and the Caribbean is going through the worst crisis in the last quarter century due to the economic globalization process, says "Perspectives Working - 2002" (Labour Outlook 2002), a new International Labour Organization's regional office report (ILO).
ILO - The social situation is even worse than when the region was affected by the financial crisis in Mexico 1995, known as the "tequila effect", and the Asian financial crisis, which hit Latin America in 1998-1999, said the CEO ILO, Juan Somavia.
Somavia presented the report to more than 400 representatives of government, business and labor organizations from 35 nations of the Americas met in Lima on Sunday. The report compares urban unemployment rates for the first 9 months of this year with those of the same period in 2001 and found an increase of 16.4% to 21.5% in Argentina; from 6.2% to 7.3% in Brazil; 6.1% to 6.8% in Costa Rica, 2.4% to 2.8% in Mexico; 9.4% to 9.7% in Peru; 15.4% to 16.5% in Uruguay; and 13.9% to 15.5% in Venezuela.
The average urban unemployment in the region today stands at 9.3%, according to calculations of the ILO. The study also shows an increase in the informal labor market, with 7 out of 10 new jobs created in the region between 1990 and 2002 in the informal sector. Referring to the increased job insecurity, organization, based in Geneva, notes that only 6 out of 10 new jobs provide access to social security services, and only two out of 10 people employed in the informal sector have social benefits.
The employment situation in Latin America is characterized by an expansion of social vulnerability and the continued denial of labor rights of employees. Somavia recommended that government and business leaders in the region take into account the serious crisis that some countries are going through and "immediately implement emergency social policies to prevent an explosion of poverty, hunger and despair of millions of unemployed." "We look desperate people who do not understand how their countries ended in such a situation and, in many cases feel they are the true pariahs of globalization" said the Director-General in a press conference in Lima, alluding to the situation in Argentina, described as an extreme example of the region.
"If not reversed this situation, it may deteriorate further, worsening poverty and social exclusion, endangering many countries political stability, and threatening the ability of Latin American societies to maintain democratic coexistence," he added. The report's authors identify as causes of the increase in unemployment slowing economic growth in most industrialized countries, particularly the United States, the decline in prices of some goods leading the export in the region and the deep economic depression in Argentina.
They mention that the impact of the current crisis is higher in countries that have maintained a heavy burden of social debt, pending since the 80s, which contributes to an even greater deficit of decent jobs. The ILO does not use the category "unemployment", common among the official statistics of many countries in the region, and instead speaks of lack of "decent work", which meet the standards of national laws and international commitments, with assured protection by a social security system. "The whole region entered the globalization era with a shortage of decent work". In 1990, 63 million urban workers were excluded from decent jobs, or 45% of the economically active population (EAP), and the number this year reached 93 million, or 50.5% of the PEA, denounced Agustín Muñoz, Regional Director of the ILO .
Muñoz and Somavía acknowledged that growing international trade integration could be beneficial for Latin American and Caribbean economies, but mentioned that this makes the least developed countries more vulnerable. Two-thirds of the economically active population in Latin America is beyond the reach of the social protection system in terms of health and pension services, says the ILO. The report states that the situation is particularly acute for economically active women (80% of them lack any social protection).
Other determining factors of the work situation are the serious deficiencies of democratic institutions, the expansion of political corruption to unprecedented levels and the decline of society's trust in the independence of government agencies and judicial systems, says the ILO document. Somavia also mentions the effects of state reform and privatization processes that dominated government policies in the region in the 90s "Almost no one is satisfied with the reforms of the state apparatus. Some because they think it perverted the nature of the state and others see changes such as deterioration in the functioning of the market, "commented.
Privatisation, said the head of the ILO, "in many cases was beneficial for the population, but many others do not. The people are not getting the benefits of the transfer of the public sphere to the private monopolies, which usually occurs without improvements in services and even with higher prices. The projections for 2003 ILO have a note of optimism, predicting that domestic production together will have a growth of 3%. Such growth would allow a slight recovery in employment in the region, reducing the urban unemployment for something around 8.6%, close to the end of the rate of 90, according to the international agency.
Translator: Francisco José Ramires
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário